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Hardware

Hardware Attacks

1.Introduction to Hardware Pentesting: Overview of hardware security, tools and techniques for hardware pentesting, and common attack vectors.

  • Wireshark: A network packet analyzer that can be used to capture and analyze network traffic.

  • OpenOCD: An on-chip debugger that supports JTAG and other hardware debugging interfaces.

  • Bus Pirate: An open-source hardware tool that can be used for debugging and programming embedded systems.

2.Reverse Engineering: Techniques for analyzing hardware and firmware, including JTAG debugging, logic analyzers, and firmware extraction.

  • Ghidra: A reverse engineering tool that can be used to analyze firmware and software.

  • binwalk: A tool for analyzing firmware images and extracting embedded files.

  • J-Link: A JTAG debugging tool that can be used for firmware extraction and debugging.

3.Exploiting Embedded Systems: Techniques for finding and exploiting vulnerabilities in embedded systems, including buffer overflows, format string vulnerabilities, and integer overflows.

  • GDB: A debugger that can be used to find and exploit vulnerabilities in software.

  • AFL: A fuzzing tool that can be used to find vulnerabilities in software.

  • IDA Pro: A disassembler and debugger that can be used for vulnerability analysis.

4.Attacking Cryptography: Techniques for attacking cryptography in hardware, including side-channel attacks, fault injection, and power analysis.

  • ChipWhisperer: A tool for side-channel analysis and fault injection attacks.

  • Riscure Inspector: A tool for analyzing and testing the security of embedded systems.

  • Proxmark: A tool for testing and attacking RFID systems.

5.Exploiting Wireless Interfaces: Techniques for attacking wireless interfaces in hardware, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and RFID.

  • Aircrack-ng: A tool for cracking Wi-Fi passwords.

  • Bettercap: A tool for intercepting and manipulating network traffic.

  • Bluefruit LE Sniffer: A tool for analyzing Bluetooth traffic.

6.Secure Design Principles: Best practices for designing secure hardware, including secure boot, firmware validation, and hardware-based cryptography.

  • OpenSSL: A library for implementing secure cryptography in software.

  • YubiKey: A hardware security token that can be used for authentication and encryption.

  • TOTP: A time-based one-time password algorithm that can be used for two-factor authentication.

7.Testing and Validation: Techniques for testing and validating hardware security, including fuzzing, code review, and penetration testing.

  • USBKill: A tool for testing the security of USB devices.

  • Wireguard: A secure VPN that can be used for network security testing.

  • Nessus: A vulnerability scanner that can be used for penetration testing.

Car Hacking

1.Understanding Automotive Architecture:

  • Learn the different components of the modern automobile, such as the Engine Control Unit (ECU), Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, and OBD-II port.

  • Understand the protocols and data formats used by different automotive systems, including CAN, LIN, FlexRay, and Ethernet.

  • Study the hardware and software tools used for automotive hacking, such as JTAG debuggers, logic analyzers, and reverse engineering tools.

2.Exploiting Onboard Diagnostic Systems:

  • Use a scan tool or OBD-II dongle to read and interpret data from the OBD-II port.

  • Explore the different OBD-II modes and commands to gather information and control vehicle functions.

  • Use tools like CANtact or SocketCAN to interact with the CAN bus and send custom messages to control vehicle systems.

3.Reverse Engineering ECU Firmware:

  • Use tools like IDA Pro or Ghidra to disassemble and analyze ECU firmware.

  • Understand the architecture and instruction set of the ECU processor, such as ARM or PowerPC.

  • Look for vulnerabilities in the firmware, such as buffer overflows, memory leaks, and backdoors.

4.Attacking Wireless and Cellular Interfaces:

  • Study the different wireless protocols used in modern vehicles, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Cellular.

  • Use tools like Ubertooth or Bluefruit to sniff and inject Bluetooth traffic.

  • Use tools like OpenBTS or Osmocom to set up a cellular base station and intercept cellular traffic.

5.Hacking Vehicle Networks:

  • Use tools like CANBus Triple or CANalyzerto sniff and inject CAN bus traffic.

  • Study the different network topologies used in vehicles, such as star, bus, and ring.

  • Understand the vulnerabilities of each network topology, such as spoofing, injection, and DoS attacks.

6.Exploring Connected Car Infotainment Systems:

  • Understand the architecture and components of modern infotainment systems, such as Android Auto and Apple CarPlay.

  • Use tools like ADB or Xposed to modify and customize infotainment systems.

  • Look for vulnerabilities in infotainment systems, such as SQL injection, buffer overflows, and XSS attacks.

7.Building a Car Hacking Lab:

  • Set up a dedicated environment for automotive hacking, including hardware and software tools.

  • Use virtual machines or emulators to simulate vehicle systems and components.

  • Follow best practices for safety and security, such as using isolation transformers, fuses, and fire extinguishers.

Hardware Toolkit

DIY

BadUSB

Digispark

digispark

  1. Open the Arduino IDE and select “Digispark (Default - 16.5MHz)” from the “Tools” > “Board” menu.

  2. Write a script that will be executed by the Digispark. This script can be written in the Arduino IDE using the “Sketch” > “New Sketch” menu. Here is an example script that opens the command prompt and types in a series of commands:

#include "DigiKeyboard.h"

void setup() {
  // Start the keyboard
  DigiKeyboard.delay(2000); // wait for 2 seconds
  DigiKeyboard.sendKeyStroke(0); // windows key
  DigiKeyboard.delay(1000);
  DigiKeyboard.print("cmd"); // open command prompt
  DigiKeyboard.sendKeyStroke(KEY_ENTER);
  DigiKeyboard.delay(1000);
  DigiKeyboard.print("echo Hello World!"); // type command
  DigiKeyboard.sendKeyStroke(KEY_ENTER);
  DigiKeyboard.delay(1000);
  DigiKeyboard.print("exit"); // exit command prompt
  DigiKeyboard.sendKeyStroke(KEY_ENTER);
}

void loop() {
}

Upload the script to the Digispark by clicking the “Upload” button in the Arduino IDE.

Sub-1 GHz Transceiver

HopeRF RFM69HCW

Materials:

  • Arduino board (UNO or Nano)

  • Sub-1 GHz transceiver module (such as the HopeRF RFM69HCW)

  • Antenna

  • Breadboard

  • Jumper wires

  • USB cable

  • 3.7V Li-ion battery

#include <SPI.h>
#include <RH_RF69.h>

#define RF69_FREQ 915.0
#define RFM69_CS 10
#define RFM69_INT 2
#define RFM69_RST 9

RH_RF69 rf69(RFM69_CS, RFM69_INT);

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  while (!Serial);
  pinMode(RFM69_RST, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(RFM69_RST, LOW);
  delay(10);
  digitalWrite(RFM69_RST, HIGH);
  delay(10);
  if (!rf69.init()) {
    Serial.println("RFM69 module initialization failed!");
    while (1);
  }
  rf69.setFrequency(RF69_FREQ);
  Serial.println("RFM69 module initialized successfully!");
}

void loop() {
  uint8_t data[] = "Hello World!";
  rf69.send(data, sizeof(data));
  rf69.waitPacketSent();
  Serial.println("Data sent successfully!");
  delay(1000);
}

CC1310 or CC1101

The Sub-1 GHz transceiver module can be built using an RF chip such as the CC1310 or CC1101, which are low power consumption chips with a range of up to several kilometers. For programming, you can use languages such as C or Python to control the RF chip.

Here are the steps to build your Sub-1 GHz transceiver:

  1. Start by selecting the RF chip that meets your requirements and purchase it along with a development board.

  2. Download the necessary software tools such as Code Composer Studio or IAR Embedded Workbench and set up the development environment.

  3. Connect the development board to your computer and start programming using C or Python.

  4. Follow the datasheet provided with the RF chip to configure the transceiver module with the appropriate settings for your application.

  5. Test the module by sending and receiving data between two transceivers.

  6. Once the module is tested and verified, you can integrate it into your project.

#include <RH_RF95.h>

#define RFM95_CS 10
#define RFM95_RST 9
#define RFM95_INT 2

RH_RF95 rf95(RFM95_CS, RFM95_INT);

void setup() {
  pinMode(RFM95_RST, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(RFM95_RST, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(RFM95_RST, LOW);
  delay(10);
  digitalWrite(RFM95_RST, HIGH);
  delay(10);

  if (!rf95.init()) {
    Serial.println("LoRa radio init failed");
    while (1);
  }

  rf95.setFrequency(915.0);
  rf95.setTxPower(23, false);
}

void loop() {
  char radiopacket[20] = "Hello, world!";
  rf95.send((uint8_t *)radiopacket, strlen(radiopacket));
  rf95.waitPacketSent();
  delay(1000);
}

125kHz RFID

Materials:

  • Arduino Uno or compatible board

  • MFRC522 RFID reader module

  • RFID tags/cards

  • Breadboard

  • Jumper wires

Circuit Diagram:

  1. Connect the RFID reader module to the Arduino board using jumper wires. The connections are as follows:

  • RFID module SDA pin to Arduino digital pin 10

  • RFID module SCK pin to Arduino digital pin 13

  • RFID module MOSI pin to Arduino digital pin 11

  • RFID module MISO pin to Arduino digital pin 12

  • RFID module VCC pin to Arduino 5V pin

  • RFID module GND pin to Arduino GND pin

  1. Connect the RFID tag antenna to the RFID reader module. The antenna can either be a coil of wire or an actual RFID tag.

  2. Upload the RFID library to the Arduino board. You can find the library and instructions on how to install it on the Arduino website.

  3. Write the code to read the RFID tag data. Here is an example code that will read the tag data and display it on the serial monitor:

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9

MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create instance of the RFID reader module

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication
  SPI.begin(); // Initialize SPI communication
  rfid.PCD_Init(); // Initialize RFID reader module
}

void loop() {
  if (rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() && rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) { // Check if a new RFID tag is present
    Serial.print("Tag UID: ");
    for (byte i = 0; i < rfid.uid.size; i++) { // Loop through the tag data and display it on the serial monitor
      Serial.print(rfid.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? "0" : "");
      Serial.print(rfid.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
    }
    Serial.println();
    rfid.PICC_HaltA(); // Halt the tag and prepare to read a new one
  }
}

Test the system by holding an RFID tag near the reader antenna. The tag data should be displayed on the serial monitor.

NFC

PN532

Materials:

  • Arduino Uno or compatible board

  • PN532 NFC/RFID reader and writer module

  • Breadboard

  • Jumper wires

  • USB cable

Here are the steps to create an NFC reader and writer with Arduino:

Step 1: Connect the PN532 NFC/RFID module to the Arduino board.

Connect the PN532 module to the Arduino board using the following pins:

  • VCC to 5V

  • GND to GND

  • SDA to Digital Pin 10

  • SCK to Digital Pin 13

  • MOSI to Digital Pin 11

  • MISO to Digital Pin 12

  • IRQ to Digital Pin 2

Step 2: Connect the Arduino board to your computer.

Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable.

Step 3: Install the necessary libraries.

You will need to install the Adafruit PN532 library to interface with the PN532 module. Open the Arduino IDE, go to Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries, search for “PN532” and install the Adafruit PN532 library.

Step 4: Upload the code to the Arduino board.

Copy and paste the following code into the Arduino IDE:

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_PN532.h>

// Create an instance of the PN532 class
Adafruit_PN532 nfc(PN532_SCK, PN532_MISO, PN532_MOSI, PN532_SS);

void setup(void) {
  Serial.begin(9600);

  // Initialize the PN532 module
  nfc.begin();

  // Configure the module as an NFC reader
  nfc.SAMConfig();
}

void loop(void) {
  uint8_t success;
  uint8_t uid[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
  uint8_t uidLength;

  // Wait for an NFC tag to be detected
  success = nfc.readPassiveTargetID(PN532_MIFARE_ISO14443A, uid, &uidLength);

  // If an NFC tag is detected, print its UID
  if (success) {
    Serial.print("UID: ");
    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < uidLength; i++) {
      Serial.print(uid[i], HEX);
    }
    Serial.println("");
  }
}

This code sets up the PN532 module as an NFC reader and prints the UID of any detected NFC tag.

Upload the code to the Arduino board by clicking on the Upload button.

Step 5: Test the NFC reader.

Open the Serial Monitor in the Arduino IDE and hold an NFC tag near the PN532 module. The UID of the tag should be printed in the Serial Monitor.

Step 6: Write data to an NFC tag.

To write data to an NFC tag, you will need to modify the code from Step 4. Here is an example code that writes a text message to an NFC tag:

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_PN532.h>

Adafruit_PN532 nfc(PN532_SCK, PN532_MISO, PN532_MOSI, PN532_SS);

void setup(void) {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  while (!Serial) delay(10); // for Leonardo/Micro/Zero

  nfc.begin();

  uint32_t versiondata = nfc.getFirmwareVersion();
  if (!versiondata) {
    Serial.print("PN53x not found");
    while (1); // halt
  }
  Serial.print("Found chip PN5"); Serial.println((versiondata>>24) & 0xFF, HEX); 
  Serial.print("Firmware ver. "); Serial.print((versiondata>>16) & 0xFF, DEC); 
  Serial.print('.'); Serial.println((versiondata>>8) & 0xFF, DEC);
  
  nfc.setPassiveActivationRetries(0xFF);

  nfc.SAMConfig();
}

void loop(void) {
  uint8_t success;
  uint8_t uid[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; // Buffer to store the returned UID
  uint8_t uidLength;                        // Length of the UID (4 or 7 bytes depending on ISO14443A card type)
  
  // Wait for an ISO14443A type card (Mifare, etc.). When one is found, 'uid' will be populated with the UID.
  success = nfc.readPassiveTargetID(PN532_MIFARE_ISO14443A, &uid[0], &uidLength);

  if (success) {
    Serial.println("Found an ISO14443A card");
    Serial.print("UID Length: ");Serial.print(uidLength, DEC);Serial.println(" bytes");
    Serial.print("UID Value: ");
    for (uint8_t i=0; i < uidLength; i++) {
      Serial.print(" 0x");Serial.print(uid[i], HEX);
    }
    Serial.println("");
    
    uint8_t data[] = { 0x01, 0x23, 0x45, 0x67 };  // Data to write to the tag
    uint8_t dataLength = sizeof(data);
    }
 }

Infrared Transmitter

TSOP38238

  1. Get an Arduino board and an IR receiver module, such as the TSOP38238. The datasheet for the TSOP38238 can be found online, which provides detailed information on how to connect the module to an Arduino board and how to read IR signals.

  2. Connect the IR receiver module to your Arduino board, following the pinout provided in the datasheet.

  3. Download and install the IRremote library for Arduino, which provides a convenient interface for working with IR signals.

  4. Use the IRremote library to read incoming IR signals from a remote control. You can use the example code provided with the library as a starting point and modify it to fit your needs.

  5. Once you have successfully read IR signals from a remote control, you can use this information to control other devices that use IR signals, such as TVs, DVD players, and air conditioners.

#include <IRremote.h>

int receiver_pin = 11;
IRrecv irrecv(receiver_pin);
decode_results results;

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
  irrecv.enableIRIn();
}

void loop()
{
  if (irrecv.decode(&results))
  {
    Serial.println(results.value, HEX);
    irrecv.resume(); // Receive the next value
  }
}

This code sets up an IR receiver module connected to pin 11 of the Arduino board. The code uses the IRremote library to receive and decode incoming IR signals from a remote control. The decoded signal is printed to the serial monitor in hexadecimal format.

Product

Name
Application

Flipper Zero

Swiss Army Knife

Raspberry Pi 3 model B+

Multi-attack tool Linux based board

ODROID XU4

Fully energized Raspberry Pi

Cubox-i2ex

Multi-attack tool Linux based board

RTL-SDR v.3

Cheap and powerful SDR RX device

Flamingo FM

Broadcast FM Bandstop Filter for SDR

HackRF One

Medium-category SDR with TX capabilities

Crazyradio PA

USB 2.4GHz transceiver

nRF52840 USB Dongle

USB 2.4GHz transceiver next generation

Yardstick

Sub 1GHz radio stick

Ubertooth One

The best Bluetooth hacking device

APImote v.4b

Hacking Zigbee IoT protocol

RF power meter

Measuring RF output power

BladeRF xA4

High RF quality SDR device

Alfa AW-US036NHA

The best 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11n device

Alfa AWUS-036ACH

The best 2.4 / 5 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11ac device

4 Watt 2.4 GHz amplifier

Wi-Fi / Bluetooth booster

2.4 GHz/9 dBi omni antenna

A good solution to upgrade your horizons

2.4GHz/15dBi yagi antenna

If you need to get far away, you need it

Wi-Fi deauther

The best 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11n device

Proxmark3-EVO

Latest and most powerful NFC device

NFCKill

RFID destruction device

SCM SCL3711

RFID miniature 13.56MHz reader/writer

HydraNFC

Sniffer / reader / writer/ emulator for HF

ACR-122U

13.56MHz RFID/NFC reader/writer

WHID injector

USB rubberducky on steroids

Badusb Wi-Fi microSD

The most complete Rubberducky

Badusb microSD

Badusb with SD card for your payloads

USBNinja

Wireless BadUSB / Rubberducky

Digispark Kickstarter mini

Cheap and fully-working Rubberducky

AirDrive Keylogger Max

One of the most advanced keyloggers

Gl-Inet AR150

OpenWRT/LEDE router Pinapple

USB to miniPCIe adapter

Modem adapter with SIM socket

Gl-Inet USB150 Minirouter

OpenWRT/LEDE based router devices

Logic pirate

Logic analyser for complicated signals

The Shikra

Bus pirate JTAG big brother

DIVA IoT board

Damn Insecure and Vulnerable Application

USB to TTL/UART

Last and most powerful NF device

STM32 programmer/debugger

Programming/debugging for STM32 micros

AVR programmer/debugger

Programmer/debugger for ATmega micros

USB Infrared Toy v2

Bus pirate JTAG big brother

USB power monitor

Monitors and logs USB power details

USB Kill v3

System destroyer device

USB condom

The original USB condom

iFixit Opening Toolkit

The essential tool to open every new toy

Lockpicking training kit

Real hackers know lockpicking

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